Jawaban UTS Sistem Operasi

Jawaban UTS Sistem Operasi 

Rahadian Syarif

18020046

3A Karyawan


1. Jelaskan perbedaan antara sistem operasi dan program aplikasi

Gambar 1.1 Icon Sistem Operasi

Sistem Operasi yang  biasa disebut (Operating System) atau yang biasa disingkat OS, iyalah perangkat lunak (software) sistem yang berfungsi melakukan pengontrolan dan manajemen perangkat keras (hardware) serta operasi-operasi dasar dari suatu sistem Komputer.

Program aplikasi pada komputer merupakan perangkat lunak siap pakai yang nantinya akan digunakan untuk membantu melaksanakan pekerjaan penggunanya.Dalam sebuah komputer aplikasi ini disiapkan sesuai kebutuhannya masing-masing.

Contohnya: adalah ketika kita menjalankan Corel Draw diperlukan ram, vga, dll yg berjalan di sistem operasi windows maupun linux dll.

2. Jelaskan Apa yang disebut dengan open source dan berikan contoh sistem operasi yang menggunakan sistem tersebut.

Gambar 2.1 Open Source

Open source adalah sistem pengembangan yang tidak dikoordinasi oleh suatu individu / lembaga pusat, tetapi oleh para pelaku yang bekerja sama dengan memanfaatkan kode sumber (source-code) yang tersebar dan tersedia bebas (biasanya menggunakan fasilitas komunikasi internet).

Contoh : Ubuntu, Mandriva, Android, One UI, Backtrack, Mint dll

3. Apa Kelebihan Sistem Operasi Windows, Linux, Mac dan Android

Gambar 3.1 Sistem Operasi

Kelebihan Windows :

• GUI yang familiar sehingga pengguna lebih nyaman berada didepan layar monitor
• Dukungan perangkat dari driver yang lebih baik
• Banyak aplikasi kantor yang kompatibel dengan windows
• Mudah untuk digunakan, karena para pengguna sudah terbiasa dengan tampilan windows

Kelebihan Linux :

• Open source
• Lebih “kebal” virus
• Aplikasi bawaan relatif lengkap
• Driver relatif lengkap
• Software center yang relatif mumpuni
• User interface yang refreshing
• Tampilan menuntut adaptasi
• Aplikasi relatif sedikit apabila dibandingkan dengan sistem operasi lain

Kelebihan Mac :

• Kestabilan lebih baik karena menggunakan UNIX
• Mac OS ini merupakan sebuah system operasi exclusif untuk Mac, maka kualitas dan support kedepannya lebih terjamin.
• Mudah digunakan dan apabila kesulitan dapat terdapat pula training centrenya
• Lebih aman dari gangguan virus, Spyware dll. Oleh sebab itu produk Mac menjadi sebuah pilihan bagi mereka yang sudah kesal dengan namanya virus.
• Mac OS juga memiliki fitur yang namanya “Sherlock” program ini tidak hanya mencari di internal hardisk saja, tetapi di internet juga sesuai keyword yang diinginkan.
• Sulit dibajak
• Dokumen yang diolah pada Mac dapat dibaca pada OS lain, begitu pula sebaliknya.
• Untuk tampilan tidak perlu diragukan lagi, Mac OS memang selalu memberikan tema yang smoth dan indah.

Kelebihan Android : 

• Merupakan sistem operasi open source, sehingga mudah dikembangkan oleh developer handset
• Mudah dikustomisasi dan dimodifikasi
• Perangkat android memiliki harga yang beragam, dari yang termurah hingga termahal
• OS android dapat dijalankan pada banyak pilihan spesifikasi hardware
• Dukungan aplikasi yang sangat banyak dan beragam
• Mudah dipahami, sehingga dapat diperbaiki apabila mengalami kerusakan sistem
• Dapat diaplikasikan di banyak peralatan elektronik
• Dikembangkan oleh salah satu raksasa telekomunikasi dunia, yaitu Google
• Merupakan salah satu sistem operasi yang cepat dan responsive

4. Gambarkan dengan lengkap susunan memory, dan jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan cache memory

Gambar 4.1 Susuan Lengkap Memory

Cache adalah memory berukuran kecil yang sifatnya temporary (sementara). Walaupun ukuran filenya sangat kecil, namun kecepatannya sangat tinggi. Dalam terminologi hardware, istilah ini biasanya merujuk pada memory berkecepatan tinggi yang menjembatani aliran data antara processor dengan memory utama (RAM) yang biasanya memiliki kecepatan jauh lebih rendah

5. Jelaskan metode pemodelan analisis model dan simulasi

Gambar 5.1 Kekurangan dan Kelebihan Model Analisis dan Simulasi

Metode Analisis Model Antrian : Menggunakan teori antrian untuk menemukan kombinasi algoritma mana yang paling efisien. Metode ini menggunakan teori yang rumit

Metode Simulasi : Dibuat simulasi berukuran kecil bagi pekerjaan yang besar. Metode ini lebih cepat karena ukuran keil pada simulasi.

6. Gambarkan diagram penjadwalan dan jelaskan dari masing-masing penjadwalan

Gambar 6.1 Diagram Penjadwalan Prosesor

• Penjadwal jangka pendek (short term scheduller) Bertugas menjadwalkan alokasi pemroses di antara proses-proses ready di memori utama Penjadwalan dijalankan setiap terjadi pengalihan proses untuk memilih proses berikutnya yang harus dijalankan.

• Penjadwal jangka menengah (medium term scheduller) Setelah eksekusi selama suatu waktu, proses mungkin menunda sebuah eksekusi karena membuat permintaan layanan masukan/keluaran atau memanggil suatu system call. Proses-proses tertunda tidak dapat membuat suatu kemajuan menuju selesai sampai kondisi-kondisi yang menyebabkan tertunda dihilangkan. Agar ruang memori dapat bermanfaat, maka proses dipindah dari memori utama ke memori sekunder agar tersedia ruang untuk proses-proses lain. Kapasitas memori utama terbatas untuk sejumlah proses aktif. Aktivitas pemindahan proses yang tertunda dari memori utama ke memori sekunder disebut swapping. Proses-proses mempunyai kepentingan kecil saat itu sebagai proses yang tertunda. Tetapi, begitu kondisi yang membuatnya tertunda hilang dan dimasukkan kembali ke memori utama dan ready.

• Penjadwal jangka panjang (long term scheduller) Penjadwal ini bekerja terhadap antrian batch dan memilih batch berikutnya yang harus dieksekusi. Batch biasanya adalah proses-proses dengan penggunaan sumber daya yang intensif (yaitu waktu pemroses, memori, masukan/keluaran), program-program ini berprioritas rendah, digunakan sebagai pengisi (agar pemroses sibuk) selama periode aktivitas job-job interaktif rendah.

7. Berikan penjabaran tiga metode evaluasi terhadap algoritma penjadwalan

Gambar 7.1 Penjadwalan Proses

• Pemodelan deterministik : Pemodelan deterministik merupakan evaluasi analitis. Evaluasi analitis menggunakan algoritma dan beban kerja sistem untuk menghasilkan satu rumus atau angka yang menunjukkan kinerja algoritma untuk beban kerja itu. Pemodelan deterministik menggunakan suatu beban kerja tertentu yang telah ditentukan dan mendefinisikan kinerja algoritma untuk beban kerja itu.

• Pemodelan antrian : Sistem komputer dipandang sebagai satu jaringan pelayan (server). Masing-masing pelayan mempunyai satu antrian dari proses-proses yang menunggu layanan. Pemroses adalah satu pelayan dengan satu antrian proses yang siap menerima layanan, begitu juga perangkat I/O adalah antrian perangkat. Dengan mengetahui rate kedatangan dan rate layanan, maka kita dapat mengkomputasi utilisasi, panjang antrian rata-rata, waktu tunggu rata-rata dan sebagainya. Bidang studi ini adalah analisis jaringan antrian (queueing network analysis).

• Simulasi : Simulasi dapat memberikan evaluasi algoritma penjadualan dengan lebih akurat. Simulasi melibatkan pemrograman model system komputer. Dengan simulasi akan diperoleh statistik yang menyatakan kinerja algoritma.

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Install Limewire In Ubuntu Lucid Lynx (10.04)

Limewire is sharring program applications, to get instant access to thousands of files are exclusive, including new songs, new movies, new games and much more. Limewire is a leader when it comes for file sharing. Known as free applicarions best peer to peer (p2p) to install free limewire version 5.5.8 in ubuntu lucid lynx (10.04)  you can add third party repository and download packages here....!! login as root and add this line :

$ sudo su
$ gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

deb http://archive.canonical.com/ lucid partner

Update sources by type :

$ apt-get update 

Then install it by double click and this packages need more packages and will downloadede automatically if you have added the third party repo's. now Limewire 5.5.8 have succesfully installed.

Happy Testing.....!!!

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Configure File Sharing On Ubuntu Karmic Koala (9.10) Using Ubuntu One

Ubuntu One is a storage application and service operated by Canonical Ltd and currently in public beta.The service enables users to store and sync files online and between computers.

To configure file share using ubuntu one, go to Applications > Internet > Ubuntu One and you will see this icon on top right of panel on screen, create folder for share, select share tab and click install service

And Now,you can check “Share this folder” and two options below.Click on Create share,choose “Add the permissions automatically”(or manually change permissions in folder properties window).

Happy Testing....!!

Sources :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_One

http://ubuntuguide.net/sharing-folders-in-ubuntu-910karmic-with-ubuntu-one

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Install Lime Wire 5.0.11 in Ubuntu 9.04 (jaunty)

Lime wire is the inherent application of mac os, but lime wire can also be used on windows, here we will discuss about the lime wire in ubuntu. LimeWire is the application of P2P (peer-to-peer) whose function is to share files between two users. I use lime wire version of ubuntu five 9:04 (Jaunty)

you should download the package lime wire .deb Here 

Lime wire for Installing on ubuntu, you should download the package lime wire. Deb here
after the download is complete, install lime wire to go to terminal and type

$ sudo su (as root)
$ dpkg-i /(directory Lime wire)/LimeWireLinux.deb

wait until the process installation complete .

there is another way to install it, with:
double click limewirelinux.deb package and follow the instructions.
To run this application, go to Applications> Internet> LimeWire

Done.

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Remote Windows Server on Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04)

Remote desktop is built applications during the first ubuntu install, to use remote desktop from ubuntu to ubuntu, or ubuntu to windows os
to configure the application's how:

into the OS Windows , my computer> remote> check enable remote desktop on this computer.
user and password input window, because otherwise it can not be at the remote end in Windows.
go to your Ubuntu and install tsclient application, go to the terminal. login as root

$ sudo su

$ sudo apt-get install tsclient (for Jaunty is already installed by default)

if it is, open the application with the command tsclient

$ tsclient 

 
after appears your client server terminal input ip windows server and choose to diremote RDP protocol
input your username and password your windows, and click connect.
finish ...!!!

That is all well:) hopefully useful.

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Printer Configuration on Ubuntu Gutsy (7.10) and Hardy (8.04)

1. .On the Start Menu, choose Administration → Printing to display the dialog box as below. Then click the New Printer button
2. Select the option Windows Printer Via Samba. Then click Browse to display a list of printer sharing in the
3. Note the picture below, the display shows the printer disharing-printer on the network using samba. Then select the printer you want to use.
4. Make sure you know the type of printer driver and you want to use it. Then select the type of start and printer drivers available in the list
5. Note the picture below shows the printer has been successfully entered. Then click Print Test Page button to try to print, or click the Make Default to make as the default printer
   

Configuring samba sharing printer

We can make Ubuntu as a server sharing the printer. Configuration process must be done as user root. open the terminal.

Start Menu -> Accesories -> Terminal

Next login as root, and type the command:


$ gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Some lines must be edited is;

1. In the authentication, security add a security = share
2. In the authentication, encrypt passwords = true
3. In the authentication, guest account = nobody
4. In the printing, load printers = yes
5. In the printing, printing = cups
6. In the printing, printcap name = cups
7. On the share definition, tag printers, browseable = yes
8. On the share definition, tag printers, public = yes
   

You can enter some additional configuration to make sure samba is running smoothly, as follows;

• In the networking, the interface is filled with the engine at that time
• At the global - browsing identification, give a new value called NetBIOS name with the desired name. Most easily, the user name of the machine
  

Save and restart the samba service using the command:

$ /etc/init.d/samba restart

This is example configuration file samba server that has been modified :

#====================== Global Settings =======================
[global]
workgroup = MSHOME
netbios name = MUSTOFA-TU
server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
dns proxy = no
interfaces = 10.3.100.200/16 eth0
log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m

max log size = 1000
syslog = 0
panic action = /usr/share/samba/panic-action %d
security = share
passdb backend = tdbsam
obey pam restrictions = yes
guest account = nobody
invalid users = root

passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u
passwd chat = *EntersnewsUNIXspassword:* %nn *RetypesnewsUNIXspassword:* %nn
*passwordsupdatedssuccessfully* .
load printers = yes

printing = cups
printcap name = cups
socket options = TCP_NODELAY
[printers]
comment = All Printers
browseable = yes
path = /var/spool/samba
printable = yes
public = yes
writable = no
create mode = 0700
[print$]
comment = Printer Drivers
path = /var/lib/samba/printers
browseable = yes
read only = yes
guest ok = no

Bonus :

Printer Configuration Ubuntu 7.04

1. On the Start Menu, choose Administration → Printing. Then click the New Printer icon
2. At Step 1, select Network Printer option with Windows Printer (SMB). Wait some time, the system will try to detect the printer on-shared
3. Next view some of the printer is detected, click cancel pendeteksian process continues until the printer is finished. The name that appears under the name of the server hostname in printer sharing
4. following list of hostnames that do printer sharing. Select a course in accordance with their needs. Be sure to identify the type of printer and the drivers that will be used. Do not forget to choose a printer that disharing. Then click Forward. (Username and password are blank)
5. the next step, select the printer driver used. Then the printer is ready to use.
   

Finish....!!


Happy Testing....!!!

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Setting vsftpd FTP on Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04)

vsftpd is a GPL licensed FTP server for UNIX systems, including Ubuntu. To use vsftpd on ubuntu jaunty follow these steps:

1. Install vsftpd type command in terminal as root :

$ apt-get install vsftpd

2. Edit file configuration at /etc/vstpd.conf

$ gedit /etc/vstpd.conf

Replace the word below :

anonymous_enable=YES

Change with :

anonymous_enable=NO

Then Save

Configuration file has anomim will prohibit access to your FTP server for security reasons.

#local_enable=YES

3. Adding a “fake” shell

Edit /etc/shells file and add a non-existent shell name like /bin/false, for example. This fake shell will limit access on the system for FTP users.

$ gedit /etc/shells

# /etc/shells: valid login shells
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/bin/false

4. Setup FTP user account

For users of FTP that you do not have access to a shell account on your ubuntu system and Use the following command to create a user account in directory /etc/passwd .

$ mkdir -p /home/ftp/ftpuser
$ useradd ftpuser -d /home/ftp/ftpuser/ -s /bin/false
$ passwd ftpuser

Once you’ve made these changes, restart the vsftpd service with this command:

$ /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart

5. Replace file configuration specified in the manual page on a per_user

If you want to make custom changes in the behaviour of the ftp server on a per-user basis, you should know that vsftpd has a powerful option that allows you to do this.
If you set user_config_dir to be /etc/vsftpd_user_conf and then log on as the user “chris”, then vsftpd will apply the settings in the file /etc/vsftpd_user_conf/chris for the duration of the session. The format of this file is detailed in the manual!
Please note that not all settings are effective on a per-user basis. For example, many settings only prior to the user’s session being started. Examples of settings which will not affect any behviour on a per-user basis include listen_address, banner_file, max_per_ip, max_clients, xferlog_file, etc.

Happy Testing.....!!!

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Sharing Mouse and Keyboard Using Quicksynergy

QuickSynergy is a graphical interface (GUI) for easily configuring Synergy service, an application that allows users to share the keyboard and mouse between two or more computers without using external hardware. Synergy uses TCP-IP protocol to share resources, even between machines with different operating systems, such as Mac OS, Linux and Windows.QuickSynergy is a graphical interface (GUI) for easily configuring Synergy service, an application that allows users to share the keyboard and mouse between two or more computers without using external hardware. Synergy uses TCP-IP protocol to share resources, even between machines with different operating systems, such as Mac OS, Linux and Windows.

Installation
The steps as follows:

1. Open the Synaptic Package Manager application by clicking the menu System -> Administrations -> Synaptic Package Manager, click in the list of packages quicksynergy right on the package and select Mark For Installation and click the Apply button;
2. Or through a terminal, by typing the following command:

$ Sudo apt-get install quicksynergy

How to Use

* QuickSynergy run by clicking the menu Applications -> Accesories -> QuickSynergy
* In the QuickSynergy, following a description of each tab to its:


1. Share, configure the server. Mouse and keyboard from the computer will be used. To add a new client, fill the fields with the client IP / hostname. Save the file, then run the server in the Start. To stop, click the Stop button.

2. Use, sinergy configured to run as Client. Just enter the IP address / host name of the server and click the Start button. A dialog box will be present with the pid (process id) of syngery2 client daemon). To stop the client, click Stop.

3. Settings, if the dialogue "Keep running synergy QuickSynergy closed after" given the check, the synergy service road will remain even if the application QuickSynergy in close.

Example Cases :

1. Check the computer's IP to be used as a server and the keyboard mouse. Example: 192.168.1.4

2. Check the computer's IP to be used as a client that will use the keyboard and mouse. Example: 192.168.1.3

3. Run QuickSynergy on a computer that will fill the server with the IP or hostname field in the Share tab on the Right;

4. And then QuickSynergy on the client computer, fill in the IP or Hostname field in the tab Use;

5. This last step is optional, click on the check "Keep running after synergy QuickSynergy closed" to Synergy service running even though the background in close the application QuickSynergy .

6. To use, slide the server on the computer mouse towards the right until the screen cursor moves to monitor the client, after the mouse and keyboard can be in use on client computers without having to move.

Happy Testing

Sources : http://www.ugos.ugm.ac.id/

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Install Kolab Groupware Server On Ubuntu Jaunty

Kolab is the most comprehensive open-source groupware solution available and is distributed as a multi-platform solution. (It integrates easily with both Ubuntu (including Evolution) and KDE/Kubuntu (including Kontact).) It is free and open source with a GPL license (unlike other groupware solutions), yet enterprise support is also available. It is scalable to large organizations and is Outlook (MS-Exchange) and Mozilla compatible. This is a German package, however, and documentation in English is limited, which can make installation challenging. The Kolab website provides its own instructions for installation from source (currently v. 2.2). In brief:

Install the compiler and other necessary stuff:

$ sudo apt-get install build-essential

Make a directory for the Kolab installation and make it universally accessible:

$ sudo cd /
$ sudo mkdir /kolab
$ sudo chmod 777 /kolab

Optional: If you wish to mount kolab in its own partition, then create a new partition (using Gparted, for example). Figure out the device name of your extra partition:

$ fdisk -l

It should be something like /dev/sda3. Mount /dev/sda3 (or whatever your partition is) as /kolab by editing /etc/fstab:

$ sudo nano /etc/fstab

and adding the line:

/dev/sda3 /kolab ext3 defaults,rw 0 0

then reboot and make sure there are no errors.
Make a directory into which to download kolab:

$ mkdir /kolabtmp

Download all the current Kolab files:

$ cd /kolabtmp

 

$ wget -r -l1 -nd --no-parent http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/kolab/server/beta/kolab-server-2.2.1-beta-1/ix86-debian4.0

Install Kolab (as root using sudo -s):

$ sudo -s
$ sh install-kolab.sh 2>&1 | tee kolab-install.log

Reboot your system.
Stop Kolab services and run the configuration utility:

$ sudo /kolab/bin/openpkg rc all stop
$ sudo /kolab/sbin/kolab_bootstrap -b

Obviously, you should know all your details, such as your fully qualified host name, domain details, etc., before doing this step. If you are not familiar with OpenLDAPand LDAP basics, you should learn about it, as Kolab uses the slapd OpenLDAP server daemon.
Restart all Kolab services:

$ sudo /kolab/bin/openpkg rc all start

Login to the web administrator interface using "manager" and the password you set at bootstrap configuration:

https://yourhost.yourdomain.name/admin

Kolab Debian package

There is an Ubuntu/Kubuntu/Debian package for Kolab (v. 2.1), but no support for it exists. In fact, it is due to be removed from the Debian packages because of this lack of support. The installation instructions are included below for reference, and if you have success installing from the package, please add the steps you took to make it work.

$ sudo apt-get install kolabd kolab-webadmin

To reconfigure setup after the original installation, stop all web services:

$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop
$ sudo /etc/init.d/kolabd stop
$ sudo /etc/init.d/kolab-cyrus stop
$ sudo /etc/init.d/postfix stop
$ sudo /etc/init.d/saslauthd stop
$ sudo /etc/init.d/slapd stop

and then start the Kolab bootstrap setup:

$ sudo kolab_bootstrap -b

and proceed with configuration for your server/domain.
Then restart all the services (e.g. sudo /etc/init.d apache2 start).

Notes:
Kolab uses its own server components, and it is best to run Kolab on a dedicated server. However, it is possible to run other servers on the same machine, as long as you choose alternate ports if the server modules conflict.

Happy Testing...!!!

Sources :

http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki

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Using PuTTY In Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04)

PuTTY is a GTK-based GUI client-interface for SSH connections and eases the setup for port forwarding, SSH public key authentication, and automated login.

$ sudo apt-get install putty

A user would run Putty to create the SSH tunnel (instead of the ssh command) and then run Krdc. Note that PuTTY security keys are not generally compatible with SSH security keys. I was not able to get PuTTY to work with Krdc.

Connect using SSH Agent
With SSH Agent you can automate the use of public key authentication and open an XDM or VNC session using a script. See this tutorial.

Setup an SSH server

Install the OpenSSH server:
 

$ sudo apt-get install openssh-server

Note: The OpenSSH server can also be installed when doing a server installation as an option from the LiveCD.
Note: An OpenSSH server can also be set up on a Windows server using Cygwin. See these instructions.

Limit authorized SSH users

See How to limit the user accounts that can connect through SSH.
OpenSSH Public Key Authentication

See this OpenSSH Public Key Authentication Tutorial.
In brief, it is necessary to generate a public / private key pair. On your client machine, generate the pair:

ssh-keygen

A prompt asks for a passphrase. If you wish to use SSH without a password from a secure client (to which no one but you has access), leave the passphrase blank. If you enter a passphrase, you will be asked for this passphrase each time you use the SSH client. By default, a 2048-bit RSA key pair is generated and stored in the /home/user/.ssh folder.

The private key is named id_rsa and is meant to stay in that folder. The public key is id_rsa.pub and is meant to be copied to the SSH server. On the SSH server, there is a similar folder /home/user/.ssh (for whichever user is hosting the SSH server). In that folder is a file called authorized_keys2. The contents of id_rsa.pub must be copied into that authorized_keys2 file. (You can use a text editor or can concatenate the files with the cat command).

To keep keys private, they should be accessible only to user, the owner of the file. For example,

$ chmod 600 /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa

This makes the file only accessible to user. You could also make the entire .ssh folder accessible only to user:

$ chmod 700 /home/user/.ssh

Happy Testing...!!!

Sources :

http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Jaunty

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Remote Computer With SSH On Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04)

Secure Shell or SSH is a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged over a secure channel (or "tunnel") between two computers. Encryption provides confidentiality and integrity of data. SSH client is installed by default in Ubuntu so you can connect to another computer that is running a SSH server.

From the command-line terminal

Install the OpenSSH client (if not already installed):

$ sudo apt-get install openssh-client

From the command-line Terminal type:

$ ssh -C @

Note: The -C option indicates compression, which speeds up transmission through the tunnel.
For example:

$ ssh -C joe@remote.computer.xyz

or:
 

$ ssh -C mike@192.168.1.1

or
 

$ ssh -C 192.168.1.1 -l mike

Note: -l specifies the login id.

If the SSH server is listening on a port other than port 22 (the default), you can specify that in your connection (with the -p option). For example, if the SSH server is listening on port 11022, connect:

$ ssh -C joe.friday@remote.computer.xyz:11022

or
 

$ ssh -C remote.computer.xyz -p 11022 -l joe.friday

If you have made a public/private key using ssh-keygen, the private key must be stored in /home/user/.ssh. The key should be accessible only to user

$ sudo chmod 600 /home/user/.ssh/identity
 
or
 

$ sudo chmod 600 /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa

To login with the key:

$ ssh -C remote.computer.xyz -p 11022 -l joe.friday

Note: You can run the command as a menu item, but the command must be "run in terminal."
Port forwarding through SSH

See Using SSH to Port Forward for full details.
In brief, use

$ ssh -C -p -L :: -l

This specifies that any communications from your computer (localhost) going out through will be transmitted securely through the the SSH tunnel port. To use VNC through the tunnel, you would use an application like Krdc or Vinagre:

$ krdc vnc:/localhost:

Note that for VNC, the default is 5900. In general, a remote VNC server (such as Krfb) is also listening on the default 5900 as well. The default is 22, as discussed above. All these can be changed, however, if you desire greater security.

For me, I noticed that I had to set to be the internal LAN IP address of the remote computer (such as 192.168.1.155) instead of the remote router's IP address, which is specified in <remote IP>. (If the remote computer has a static IP address (i.e. is directly connected to the Internet without an intervening router), then <remote computer> and <remote ip> would be the same.)

Example: For extra security, my SSH Server uses =11022. I want to VNC to a remote computer on a remote LAN with a router whose IP address is = 244.205.123.123. The remote computer to which I want to connect has a static IP address within the remote LAN of = 192.168.1.155. I have set up a Krfb VNC server on this computer that is listening on = 6912 (instead of the default 5900).


I setup port forwarding on the router of this remote LAN to forward port 6912 to this server computer. I want to VNC to this remote computer from my laptop, through the Internet. My laptop VNC client (Krdc) will use the default = 5900. My name is = joe.friday. This is my story.

ssh -C 244.205.123.123 -p 11022 -L 5900:192.168.1.155:6912 -l joe.friday
krdc vnc:/localhost:5900

If you have set up a private/ public key pair with a passphrase, or if your SSH server requires a passphrase, of course, you will be prompted for the passphrase after issuing the SSH command.


Note: Port forwarding assumes that the ports are also forwarded through the router(s) and through any firewalls. See the documentation for your router(s) and firewall to learn how to do this. The advantage of SSH tunneling is that only the needs to be open and forwarded by a router. All encrypted communications will go through your router using this single port. This is what makes the communications secure.

Happy Testing...!!!

Sources :

http://ubuntuguide.org/wiki/Ubuntu:Jaunty

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Ubuntu Printer Sharing With Windows XP Client

Before we assume that the printer is running on Ubuntu. Sharing that printer can be accessed using a Windows machine as the client can use Samba. So for the first time we first check whether samba package already installed on the system.

$ sudo apt-cache search samba

If you already installed it will appear:

$ samba - a LanManager-like file and printer server for Unix
$ samba-common - Samba common files used by both the server and the client
$ samba-dbg - Samba debugging symbols
$ samba-doc - Samba documentation
$ samba-doc-pdf - Samba documentation (PDF format)
$ smbclient - a LanManager-like simple client for Unix
$ smbfs - mount and umount commands for the smbfs (for kernels> = than 2.2.x)

if not installed use the command:

$ sudo apt-get install samba smbfs

When the can is already installed, be directly edit the file /etc/samba/smb.conf:

$ sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

edit or add the following line:

# add in the [General]:
printcap name = cups
printing = cups
security = share

# Add in the [printers]:
[printers]
browseable = yes
printable = yes
public = yes
create mode = 0700
guest only = yes
use client driver = yes
path = /tmp

then save the changes and restart samba service with the command:

$ sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

See the results from the Windows XP client with the addition of a printer, enter control panel/ printers/add the network printer. Browse the network printer. Then follow the steps to live as normal printer settings.

source:
http://linux.or.id/node/2964

Happy Testing...!!!

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Install Samba Sharing with Network File Sytem (NFS) On Ubuntu Jaunty (9.04)

Before you can create a sharing with samba, and the user must have write access to the configuration in the sharing folder /var/lib/samba/usershares. So that the user has write access (Write) in the samba configuration, add the group to become user group sambashare

To access the samba folder sharing on ubuntu Hardy/Intrepid, using the default username and password, you can also share access without a username and password with the option to enable Guest Access.

Steps to start sharing files samba Graphical mode;

1. Right-click on a folder that you want akan sharing, select the Sharing Options
2. Sharing Option on the window, check Share this share in the Fold
3. If your PC is samba not installed, the system will automatically request a confirmation installation repository via the nearest
4. Verification session to restart your pc, so that samba can run
5. Sharing options in the window, there is also the option Access Guest, with this option all the people can see the contents of the folder sharing
6. After installation sharing service, then you must give the user access rights to write into the configuration folder /var/lib/samba/usershares. If not already have access rights window will display the message sharing, such as under
7. Go to Menu → System Administration → Users and Groups, then click unlock keys and enter the password for the user can change the properties
8. Click manage groups, and then on the select list sambausers group (bottom line)
9. Then click on the group sambausers ganda, and enter the user group on the samba user with check
10. Logout and login again to apply changes. Check back with sharing a folder as in step 1 above.

Steps samba sharing text mode;

1.Install samba server

 $ sudo apt-get install samba

2.give samba password

$ sudo smbpasswd-a USERNAME

3.Edit smb.conf file

$ sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

4.then add the following line at the bottom of the smb.conf file;

[test]
path = /home/USERNAME/test
available = yes
valid users = USERNAME
read only = no
browsable = yes
public = yes
writable = yes

5.Restart Samba

$ sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

6.Run the testparm command to see the results

$ testparm

Using System-Config-Samba

You can also use a utility system-config-samba to configure samba, including write and add samba user password.

Install system-config-samba to use Synaptic or the command;

$ sudo apt-get install system-config-samba

Run system-config-samba on the menu → System → Administrations samba
Utility requires sudo access, enter your password when prompted. Next display system-config-samba

To change the user password or add a samba user, select the menu → Preferences Samba users.
View results Samba Sharing
To check the results of sharing in Ubuntu, you open nautilus. On the left side panel [F9], click the network icon
Or you can click on the icon on the top left of the nautilus, the location type SMB:// o see all the sharing on the local network.
To see through the sharing of text, type the command smbtree, such as the example below;

$ smbtree

WORKGROUP
\\UGOS-UBUNTU ugos-ubuntu server (Samba, Ubuntu)
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\soft
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\Print_to_PDF Print to a PDF File
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\LaserJet-manda LaserJet-manda
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\LaserJet-1022a LaserJet-1022a
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\LaserJet-1022-new LaserJet-1022-new
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\LaserJet-1022-1 LaserJet-1022-1
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\PDF PDF
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\Color-LaserJet-4700 Color-LaserJet-4700
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\printer hp-1020
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\print$ Printer Drivers
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\foto
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\ugos
\\UGOS-UBUNTU\IPC$ IPC Service (ugos-ubuntu server (Samba, Ubuntu))
\\PRASTOWO-LAPTOP prastowo-laptop server (Samba, Ubuntu)
cli_start_connection: failed to connect to PRASTOWO-LAPTOP<20> (0.0.0.0). Error NT_STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME
\\PPTIK pptik server (Samba, Ubuntu)
\\PPTIK\BJC-1000SP BJC-1000SP
\\PPTIK\LaserJet_6L laser-jet-tempat-bu-muhar
\\PPTIK\PDF PDF
\\PPTIK\IPC$ IPC Service (pptik server (Samba, Ubuntu))
\\PPTIK\print$ Printer Drivers
\\NUNUG-DESKTOP nunug-desktop server (Samba, Ubuntu)
\\NUNUG-DESKTOP\mp3_pv
\\NUNUG-DESKTOP\printer hp-1020
\\NUNUG-DESKTOP\IPC$ IPC Service (nunug-desktop server (Samba, Ubuntu))
\\NUNUG-DESKTOP\print$ Printer Drivers
\\MANDA-DESKTOP manda-desktop server (Samba, Ubuntu)
\\MANDA-DESKTOP\printer hp-1020
\\MANDA-DESKTOP\LaserJet-1022 LaserJet-1022-new
\\MANDA-DESKTOP\IPC$ IPC Service (manda-desktop server (Samba, Ubuntu))
\\MANDA-DESKTOP\manda
\\MANDA-DESKTOP\print$ Printer Drivers
\\LEPPINYAAFIA leppinyaAfia server (Samba, Ubuntu)
...

Network File System (NFS)

In addition to using samba, you can also create a file server with NFS. The concept is offered by nfs we can create a file server and the permissions read-write based on the ip / user and user quotas.
NFS was developed with the goal of a computer can mount the partition or directory on another computer as if the directory or partition is located on the local hard disk. In other words NFS aims to sharing files between computers.
In terms of security, NFS also allows people to make modifications in the directory or disk that is mounted such as deleting files, reading private documents that are on the disk directory or the mount, and so forth, but this can be prevented if we configure the NFS true.
NFS also be made to run on Unix environment. In other words apaun type of operating system as long as you meet the POSIX standard, then you can use to share files with NFS denggunakan. Operating systems are Linux, Family Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD), Family Unix (Tru64 Unix, HP-UX, AIX, IRIX) and Sun Family (Solaris, SunOS).

There are several technologies for use in addition to file NFS, Samba just call made to the Windows environment, Andrew File System which was developed by IBM with open source licenses, and the Coda File System developed by the University.
Setting NFS Server
Installing NFS Server
To create an NFS server, the previous first need to install the package nfs server with the name of the package nfs-kernel-server. How can use Synaptic installasinya via System → Administration → Synaptic Package Manager. Note the picture below;
Package we will install the nfs-common and nfs-kernel-server. Package nfs-common functions as the client will mount the filesystem on the network, while the package nfs-kernel-server as a server that provides service to serve in the mounting directory server.

For installation use the terminal, run the command;

$ sudo apt-get install nfs-common nfs-kernel-server

NFS server configuration

After the installation process, then you must configure the file /etc/exports. General syntax you can use are;
workstation1 directory (opsi1) workstation2 (opsi2)1.
Directory: directory name that will be shared. Aturannya here, if you are sharing a parent directory, all directories below it will also follow-share pitch.

2.workstation1 and workstation2: the name of the client are allowed to access the directory above. Name here can be a domain name or IP address of the workstation.

3.opsi1 and opsi2: the right choice here menentukkan workstation access to the directory of the share. Some of the options that can be used are:
ro: read-only. So that clients only have read rights only. This is the default option.
rw: the client has rights to read and write to the directory share.
no_root_squash: root on the client computer will have the same rights with the root on the NFS server.
no_subtree_check: NFS usually have a mechanism that checks whether the files will include the client requested that the share. With this option it will speed up the transfer process, because the checks will be abolished.
sync for synchronization between the changes made by the client with the actual directory on the server.

Sample Steps NFS server configuration;

1.Open the file /etc/exports with the command

$ sudo gedit /etc/exports

2.Add a line like the example below, adjust the network and the folder that you want in sharing

/home/share-data 192.168.1.1 (rw) 192.168.1.2 (ro)
/usr/local * (rw)
/media/data (ro, sync)

3.Service nfs restart the server with the command

$ sudo/etc/init.d/nfs-server restart

Accessing the sharing of NFS Client

Settings on the NFS client is quite simple. We use the mount command, commonly used for mounting filesystems. For example the following:

$ sudo mount-t nfs 192.168.1.1: /media/data-share/media/data-share-client

Before we mount a nfs directory, we first create the directory we will use to mount, as the above example we created the name of the folder /media/data-share-the client.

All data is in the directory /media/data-share on the server will automatically be in the directory /media/data-share-client

For unmounting then we simply type the following command:

$ sudo umount/media/data-share-client

Next steps automatically mounting nfs sharing at the time of booting

1.Edit the file /etc/fstab

$ sudo gedit /etc/fstab

2.add mount options on the bottom line, like the example below (no match ip and folder disharing)

192.168.1.1: /media/data-share/media/data-share-client nfs rw, users, noauto 0 0

3.Restart your PC

Previous note also that if the folder in the share can be written or can only be read only. Can only be read if only the change ro into rw. In this way then if we want to live to see the folder you just click on the file browser.

Share files with the Giver

Through a special protocol giver, you can membroadcast the desired folder sharing overlooks one pc in local network. To view/retrieve the file that disharing from the client application must also use the giver.

Unfortunately, the package is available only Giver in Ubuntu Intrepid Ibex. In short, the Giver file sharing can only be done between the PC operating system with Ubuntu Intrepid Ibex.

Install Giver with Synaptic, or using the command;

$ Sudo apt-get install giver

Applications that have already installed in the menu Applications → Internet → Giver

Sources : http://ugos.ugm.ac.id/wiki/

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Change Samba Workgroup On Ubuntu

Enter to the Terminal as root.

$ sudo su
$ gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Edit the line below

workgroup = workgroup

Replace with

workgroup = MSHOME

Save the file that has been in the edit.

reboot.

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Configuring Printer Sharing Client On Ubuntu

On Fiesty Ubuntu 7.04 (Other versions) printer dialog manager with a different UbuntuGutsy 7:10. But do not worry because the same easy to use. Printer configuration on Ubuntu Gutsy and Hardy

1. On the Start Menu, choose Administration → Printing to display the dialog box as below. Then click the New Printer button

2. Select the option Windows Printer Via Samba. Then click Browse to display a list of printer sharing in the

3. Note the picture below, the display shows the printer disharing-printer on the network using samba. Then select the printer you want to use.

4. Make sure you know the type of printer driver and you want to use it. Then select the type of start and printer drivers available in the list

5. Note the picture below shows the printer has been successfully entered. Then click Print Test Page button to try to print, or click the Make Default to make as the default printer

Printer Configuration Ubuntu 7:04

1. On the Start Menu, choose Administration → Printing. Then click the New Printer icon

2. At Step 1, select Network Printer option with Windows Printer (SMB). Wait some time, the system will try to detect the printer on-shared

3. Next view some of the printer is detected, click cancel pendeteksian process continues until the printer is finished. The name that appears under the name of the server hostname in printer sharing

4. following list of hostnames that do printer sharing. Select a course in accordance with their needs. Be sure to identify the type of printer and the drivers that will be used. Do not forget to choose a printer that disharing. Then click Forward. (Username and password are blank)

5. the next step, select the printer driver used. Then the printer is ready to use.

Happy Testing
Thanks

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Problems installing HP Laserjet P1006 in Ubuntu Hardy

HP Laserjet P1005/1006/1007/1008 requires a special driver that can run on ubuntu, because the drivers that Repo hardy not compatible.
Driver for ubuntu you can download below

http://foo2xqx.rkkda.com/

Now the problem can not be memngenali ubuntu usb_printerid or usb printer, now we run with the command

$ sudo usb_printerid /dev/usb/lp0

the printer is now detected and a message will appear

$ sudo usb_printerid /dev/usb/lp0

GET_DEVICE_ID string:
MFG:Hewlett-Packard;MDL:HP LaserJet P1006;CMD:HBS,PJL,ACL;CLS:PRINTER;DES:HP LaserJet P1006;FWVER:20070910;

However, when the printing device dead checks conducted ago

/dev/usb/lp0

$ sudo usb_printerid /dev/usb/lp0

Message :

Error: No such file or directory: can’t open ‘/dev/usb/lp0′

but this will run on ubuntu gutsy. if the above step in the install on gutsy does not have a problem. means that the problem in hardy HP Laserjet P1005/1006/1007/1008

If the install ubuntu gutsy on it smoothly. following steps to install theHP Laserjet P1005/1006/1007/1008 in gutsy

Download driver hp with the command

$ wget -O foo2zjs.tar.gz http://foo2zjs.rkkda.com/foo2zjs.tar.gz

foo2zjs.tar.gz

extact downloaded file

$ tar xzvf foo2zjs.tar.gz

go to directory /foo2zjs

$ cd foo2zjs

install driver

$ make
$ ./getweb p1006
$ sudo make install
$ sudo make install-hotplug

in gutsy, if not have a problem, but still not in the hardy compatible. we wait for changes

Happy Testing

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Speed Up Bandwidth In Ubuntu Using Sysctl

To speed up the connection and increase the bandwidth clogged hardy can use the command:

$ sudo gedit/etc/sysctl.conf

paste the script below on the bottom

## increase TCP max buffer size setable using setsockopt()
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
## increase Linux autotuning TCP buffer limits
## min, default, and max number of bytes to use
## set max to at least 4MB, or higher if you use very high BDP paths
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 16777216
## don't cache ssthresh from previous connection
net.ipv4.tcp_no_metrics_save = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_moderate_rcvbuf = 1
## recommended to increase this for 1000 BT or higher
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 2500
## for 10 GigE, use this, uncomment below
## net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 30000
## Turn off timestamps if you're on a gigabit or very busy network
## Having it off is one less thing the IP stack needs to work on
## net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
## disable tcp selective acknowledgements.
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 0
##enable window scaling
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1

To Activating script above type command

$ sudo sysctl -p

Will appear after the script below:

kernel.printk = 4 4 1 7
kernel.maps_protect = 1
fs.inotify.max_user_watches = 524288
vm.mmap_min_addr = 65536
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 16777216
net.ipv4.tcp_no_metrics_save = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_moderate_rcvbuf = 1
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 2500
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1

So the internet connection on ubuntu akan faster up to 45%

Thanks

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